Transportation

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandates

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales in a given state.

Vehicles that count toward this percentage target include battery electric and fuel-cell vehicles, as well as a small percentage of plug-in hybrids. If automakers cannot meet the required quota, they must pay a fine or buy credits from another company that has produced and sold more than their quota of ZEVs. ZEV mandates are a “technology-forcing policy,” encouraging automakers to produce cars with longer ranges, as vehicles sold with longer electric ranges earn more credits toward satisfying the mandate.

Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) regulations are vehicle emissions standards first adopted by California using its unique authority under the federal Clean Air Act that impose low-emission vehicle (LEV) and ZEV standards. Once California adopts ACC regulations, other states can follow suit and must model their own regulations’ language after California’s. ACC I, first adopted by California in 2012, applies to new vehicle sales through model year 2025, reaching 22% of total sales. ACC II, adopted in 2022, applies to model year 2026 through 2035, starting at 35% and ramping up to 100% of new vehicle sales.

In June 2025, President Trump signed three Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolutions repealing California’s Clean Air Act waivers for Advanced Clean Cars II, Advanced Clean Trucks, and the Low NOx Omnibus Rules. A coalition of states that have adopted the rules filed a lawsuit against the federal government in response.

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Glossary of Terms

States with Policy Enacted

In Progress

Partially Enacted

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Key Resources

Glossary of Terms

Clean Vehicle Programs: State Tracker

A policy tracker that identifies which states have adopted light-duty and medium- and heavy-duty clean vehicle rules, with links to enacted policy text and and information on states' share of new vehicles sold in the U.S.

2024

Source:

Sierra Club

Nationwide Impacts of California's Advanced Clean Cars II Rule

A report that models the climate, economic, and technology benefits from California's Advanced Clean Cars II rule under various adoption scenarios.

2023

Source:

Energy Innovation

Understanding California’s Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation

An explanatory article on what ACC II is, who needs to comply, and what is required for compliance.

2023

Source:

The Advanced Clean Cars II Controversy: Where are States Adopting or Blocking California’s Zero-Emission Vehicle Rules?

An article that explains California's Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) I and II regulations, and state trends to advance or prohibit ACC goals.

2024

Source:

N.C. Clean Energy Technology Center

Model Rules

Glossary of Terms

Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation

A model regulation that states may adopt to require increasing percentages of zero-emission vehicle sales for model years 2026-2035, reaching 100% of new sales by 2035.

2022

Source:

California Air Resources Board

Model States

Glossary of Terms

California

Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs | MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs | MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles.

In response to the passage of federal resolutions repealing California’s Clean Air Act waivers for Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II), Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT), and the Low NOx Omnibus Rules, Governor Newsom directed CARB to propose "Advanced Clean Cars III" regulations as an alternative for ACC II, ACT, and Low NOx rules.

2022

Establishing Policies

New Mexico

Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs | MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs | MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles

2023

Establishing Policies

New York

Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs | MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs | MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles.

2023

Establishing Policies

Washington

Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs | MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs | MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles.

2022

Establishing Policies

Glossary of Terms

Filters

Status	State Sort descending	Region	Year Enacted
Not Enacted	Alabama Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Alaska Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West
Not Enacted	Arizona Empty column State, county, and municipal governments are not allowed to restrict the use or sale of vehicles based on the vehicle's energy source. Therefore, the state is prohibited from adopting a ZEV mandate. Establishing Policies SB 1102 (2023) Empty column	Southwest
Not Enacted	Arkansas Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Enacted	California Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. In response to the passage of federal resolutions repealing California’s Clean Air Act waivers for Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II), Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT), and the Low NOx Omnibus Rules, Governor Newsom directed CARB to propose "Advanced Clean Cars III" regulations as an alternative for ACC II, ACT, and Low NOx rules. Establishing Policies Section 1961.4, Title 13, CCR: Advanced Clean Cars II (2022) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Executive Order N-27-25 (2025) Empty column	West	2022
Enacted	Colorado Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2032: 82% of new sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies 5 CCR 1001-24 (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	West	2023
Enacted	Connecticut Empty column Model Year (MY) 2025: 22% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies Sec. 22a-174-36c (2018) Zero Emission Vehicle Standards Empty column	Northeast	2018
Enacted	Delaware Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2032: 82% of new sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies Delaware Administrative Code Title 7, 1000, 1140 (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Empty column	Southeast	2023
Not Enacted	Florida Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Georgia Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Hawai‘i Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West
Not Enacted	Idaho Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West
Not Enacted	Illinois Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Indiana Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Iowa Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Kansas Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Kentucky Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Louisiana Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Enacted	Maine Empty column Model Year (MY) 2025: 22% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies Chapter 127 Zero Emission Vehicle Standards (2009) Empty column	Northeast	2009
Enacted	Maryland Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. The state will delay penalty enforcement against manufacturers that fail to meet ZEV sale requirements for model years 2027 and 2028, unless certain conditions are met. A "Maryland ACC II and ACT Working Group" must offer recommendations for how the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) program can be implemented in Maryland. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2023) Executive Order 01.01.2025.10 (2025) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Southeast	2023
Enacted	Massachusetts Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. The state will delay penalty enforcement against manufacturers that fail to meet ZEV sale requirements for model years 2027 and 2028, unless certain conditions are met. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2022) Massachusetts Announces Flexibilities for Electric Vehicle Requirements (2025) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Northeast	2022
Not Enacted	Michigan Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Enacted	Minnesota Empty column Model Year (MY) 2025: 22% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies Clean Cars Minnesota (2021) Clean Cars Minnesota Program Empty column	Midwest	2021
Not Enacted	Mississippi Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Missouri Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Montana Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West
Not Enacted	Nebraska Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Enacted	Nevada Empty column Model Year (MY) 2025: 22% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs. Establishing Policies Clean Cars Nevada (2021) Clean Cars Nevada Program Empty column	West	2021
Not Enacted	New Hampshire Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Northeast
Enacted	New Jersey Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Northeast	2023
Enacted	New Mexico Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Southwest	2023
Enacted	New York Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Northeast	2023
Not Enacted	North Carolina Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	North Dakota Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Ohio Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Oklahoma Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southwest
Enacted	Oregon Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2022) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	West	2022
Not Enacted	Pennsylvania Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Northeast
Enacted	Rhode Island Empty column Model Year (MY) 2027: 43% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2023) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Northeast	2023
Not Enacted	South Carolina Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	South Dakota Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Tennessee Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Texas Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southwest
Not Enacted	Utah Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West
Enacted	Vermont Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. The state has delayed enforcement of electric vehicle sales requirements until Model Year 2027. Establishing Policies Advanced Clean Cars II (2022) Executive Order 04-25 (2025) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	Northeast	2022
Enacted	Virginia Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies HB 1965 (2021) Virginia Clean Vehicles (2024) Empty column	Southeast	2024
Enacted	Washington Empty column Model Year (MY) 2026: 35% of new passenger vehicle sales are ZEVs \| MY 2030: 68% of new sales are ZEVs \| MY 2035: 100% of new sales are ZEVs, with up to 20% being hybrid or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Establishing Policies SB 5974 (2022) Advanced Clean Cars II (2022) Advanced Clean Cars II Program Empty column	West	2022
Not Enacted	West Virginia Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Southeast
Not Enacted	Wisconsin Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	Midwest
Not Enacted	Wyoming Empty column Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates, also known as "clean car standards," require automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage of zero-emission light-duty vehicles each model year based on total new vehicle sales. The most stringent ZEV mandates require 100% of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2035 and are known as "Advanced Clean Cars II". Empty column	West

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandates

Key Resources

Model Rules

Model States

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandates By State